Control and kinematic design of multi-degree-of freedom mobile robots with compliant linkage

Multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) vehicles have many potential advantages over conventional (i.e., 2-DOF) vehicles. For example, MDOF vehicles can travel sideway s and they can negotiate tight turns more easily. In addition, some MDOF designs provide better payload capability, better traction, and improved static and dynamic stability. However, MDOF vehicles with more than three degrees-offreedom are difficult to control because of their overconstrained nature. These difficulties translate into severe wheel slippage or jerky motion under certain driving conditions. These problems make it difficult to benefit from the special motion capabilities of MDOF vehicles in autonomous or semiautonomous mobile robot applications. This is so because mobile robots (unlike automated guided vehicles) usually rely on dead-reckoning between periodic absolute position updates and their performance is diminished by excessive wheel slippage. This paper introduces compliant linkage, a new concept in the control and kinematic design o f MDOF mobile robots. As the name implies, compliant linkage provides compliance between the drive wheels or drive axles of a vehicle, to accommodate control errors which wo uld otherwise cause wheel slippage. The concept of compliant linkage was implemented and tested on a 4-DOF vehicle built at th e University of Michigan's Mobile Robotics Lab. Experimental results show that control errors ar e effectively absorbed by the linkage, resulting in smooth and precise motion. The dead-reckonin g accuracy of the compliant linkage vehicle is substantially better than that reported in the literature for other MDOF vehicles; it was found equal to, or even better than that of comparable 2-DO F vehicles.